Mäkikuisma: 10 potentiaalista terveysvaikutusta, annostusta ja sivuvaikutuksia

Mäkikuisma tunnetaan tieteellisesti nimellä Hypericum perforatum. Se on kukkakasvi, joka on kotoisin Euroopasta. Sitä on käytetty kansanlääketieteessä vuosisatojen ajan monien sairauksien hoitoon. Mäkikuisman uutteet sisältävät vaikuttavia aineosia, kuten hyperisiiniä ja hyperforiinia. Kasvilla sanotaan olevan anti-inflammatorisia, mikrobilääkkeitä, antioksidantteja ja syöpää estäviä ominaisuuksia. Tämä rohdosvalmiste voi auttaa masennuksen hoidossa, hallitsemaan vaihdevuosioireita, parantamaan haavoja, parantamaan tarkkaavaisuushäiriön hyperaktiivisuushäiriötä (ADHD) ja hoitamaan ahdistuneisuushäiriötä.

Tässä artikkelissa keskustelemme mäkikuisman terveysvaikutuksista, annostuksesta ja mahdollisista sivuvaikutuksista. Jatka lukemista.

Mitkä ovat mäkikuisman edut?

1. Voi auttaa masennuksen hoidossa

Mäkikuisma voi auttaa masennuksen hoidossa. Yleensä lääkkeitä, kuten masennuslääkkeitä, käytetään tämän psykologisen ongelman hoitoon. Masennuslääkkeillä on yleensä muita haittavaikutuksia. Mäkikuismassa sanotaan olevan joitain vaikuttavia aineita, kuten hyperforiini, adhyperforiini ja hyperisiini, jotka voivat lisätä aivojen kemiallisten lähettimien määrää (1).

Tutkimuksessa todettiin, että mäkikuismaa käyttäneet osallistujat kokivat paljon vähemmän haittatapahtumia kuin masennuslääkkeitä käyttävät (2). Lisäksi mäkikuisman käyttö vähentää masennuksen oireita samalla tavalla kuin masennuslääkkeet (3).

Toinen Queenslandin yliopiston tekemä tutkimus tuki mäkikuisman käyttöä lievän masennuksen hoidossa (4). Katsaus 29 kansainväliseen tutkimukseen viittaa siihen, että mäkikuisma voi olla parempi kuin lumelääke ja yhtä tehokas kuin erilaiset tavanomaiset reseptilääkkeet, joita käytetään masennuksen hoitoon (5).

2. Voi hallita vaihdevuosioireita

Mäkikuismauutetta voidaan käyttää vaihdevuosien psykologisten ja vegetatiivisten oireiden lievittämiseen. Se voi parantaa elämänlaatua ja kuumia aaltoja perimenopausaalisilla naisilla. Tämän mekanismin ymmärtämiseksi tarvitaan vielä suurempia kliinisiä tutkimuksia (6).

Toisessa tutkimuksessa 111 naista, joita täydennettiin 900 mg: lla mäkikuismaa päivittäin 12 viikon ajan, osoittivat parannuksia vaihdevuosioireissaan (7). Toisessa tutkimuksessa todetaan, että laitosta voidaan käyttää tehokkaana hoitona perimenopausaalisten tai postmenopausaalisten naisten vasomotorisiin oireisiin (8).

Mäkikuisun uutteet ja niiden yhdistelmä yrtteihin ovat osoittaneet vähemmän sivuvaikutuksia postmenopausaalisilla naisilla (9). Päivittäinen mäkikuisman hoito oli tehokkaampaa premenstruaalisen oireyhtymän (PMS) hoidossa (10).

3. Voi auttaa haavan paranemisessa

Mäkikuismaa käytetään perinteisesti haavojen ja palovammojen hoitoon (11), (12). Tämän yrtin uutteita on käytetty myös kansanhoitona ihon haavojen paranemisen edistämiseksi (13). Mäkikuisma johti myös nopeampaan tulehdusreaktioon ja auttoi parantamaan diabeettisia kirurgisia haavoja (14).

Tämän kasviperäisen lääkkeen ja sen metaboliitin (hyperforiini) havaittiin auttavan tulehduksellisten ihosairauksien hoidossa (15). Mäkikuisman havaittiin hoitavan haavoja kollageenisynteesin ja fibroblastien migraation seurauksena (16).

4. Voi hoitaa huomion alijäämän liikahäiriötä (ADHD)

Mäkikuisma voi auttaa hoitamaan huomion alijäämän hyperaktiivisuushäiriötä (ADHD). Bolzanon alueellisen sairaalan Bozenin tekemässä tutkimuksessa todettiin, että mäkikuisma osoitti potilaan hyperaktiivisuuden ja kypsymättömyyden tekijöiden keskiarvojen paranemista hieman (17).

Tutkimus, jossa käytettiin mäkikuismauutetta ADHD-lasten ja nuorten hoitoon, ei kuitenkaan parantanut heidän oireitaan (18). Siksi tarvitaan enemmän pitkäaikaista tutkimusta tämän mäkikuisman hyödyn ymmärtämiseksi edelleen.

5. Voi hoitaa ahdistuneisuushäiriötä

Mäkikuisulla on joitain hyödyllisiä terapeuttisia ominaisuuksia, jotka voivat auttaa ahdistuneisuushäiriön hoidossa. Kasvilla on masennuslääkkeitä, joita käytetään masennushäiriön (MDD) ja samanaikaisen ahdistuksen hoidossa (19). Länsi-Illinoisin yliopiston hiirillä tekemässä tutkimuksessa todettiin, että mäkikuisma auttoi posttraumaattisen stressihäiriön (johon kuuluu ahdistuneisuushäiriö) hoidossa (20).

Tältä osin on kuitenkin aiheellista lisätä tutkimusta.

6. Voi hoitaa atooppista dermatiittia

Hyperforiinilla, joka on mäkikuisman tärkein aineosa, on anti-inflammatorinen vaikutus. Mäkikuisma-voiteen paikallinen käyttö voi auttaa atooppisen dermatiitin hoidossa (21).

Kasvin ainesosilla, kuten hyperforiinilla ja hyperisiinillä, on antioksidantteja, anti-inflammatorisia, syöpälääkkeitä ja antimikrobisia ominaisuuksia, jotka voivat auttaa atooppisen dermatiitin hoidossa (22). Hyperisiini on myös valoherkistin, jota voidaan käyttää ei-melanooman ihosyövän selektiiviseen hoitoon (22).

Tältä osin tarvitaan lisää tutkimusta.

7. Voi hoitaa somatoformihäiriöitä

Somatoformiset häiriöt ovat mielenterveyshäiriöitä, jotka ilmenevät fyysisinä vammoina. Alkuperäiset tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, että mäkikuisulla voi olla jonkin verran tehoa potilailla, joilla on somatoformisia häiriöitä (23). Toisessa tutkimuksessa 600 mg mäkikuismauutetta päivittäin annettiin tehokkaasti somatoformihäiriöiden hoidossa (24).

8. Voi vähentää syöpäriskiä

Hyperforiini ja sen johdannaiset (kuten aristoforiini) ovat mäkikuisman luonnollisia tuotteita, joilla on useita farmakologisia ominaisuuksia. Hyperforiinin sanotaan olevan voimakas syöpälääke (25). Mäkikuisman melatoniinipitoisen itusplasmalinjan sanotaan olevan antioksidanttisia. Ne auttavat estämään syöpäsolujen kasvua (26).

Hyperforiini edistää myös eri syöpäsolujen ohjelmoitua solukuolemaa ja estää niiden kykyä siirtyä (27), (28). Hyperforiinilla ja sen johdannaisilla on merkittävä asema syöpälääkkeinä, joilla on alhainen myrkyllisyys ja kasvainten vastaiset ominaisuudet (29). Tutkimuksessa todettiin, että hyperforiini voi aiheuttaa syöpäsolukuoleman leukemian tapauksessa (30), (31).

9. Voi hoitaa sinusruuhkia

Jotkut tutkimukset viittaavat siihen, että mäkikuisma voi toimia sinuiittiä ja kausiluonteista mielialahäiriötä (SAD) vastaan ​​(32). Mäkikuisma on antibiootti- ja antiviraalisia ominaisuuksia, jotka voivat auttaa lievittämään liman ruuhkia, sinusinfektiota, flunssaa ja keuhkoputkentulehduksen oireita. Lisätutkimuksia tarvitaan kuitenkin mäkikuisman tämän hyödyn ymmärtämiseksi ihmisillä.

10. Voi alentaa verenpainetta

Mäkikuisma on voimakkaita anti-inflammatorisia ja antioksidanttisia ominaisuuksia, jotka voivat auttaa alentamaan verenpainetta. Jotkut anekdoottiset todisteet viittaavat siihen, että tämä lääkekasvi minimoi tulehduksen sydän- ja verisuonijärjestelmässä ja vähentää stressiä sydämessä. Tältä osin on kuitenkin aiheellista lisätä tutkimusta.

Riittämätön todistusaineisto tehokkuuden arvioimiseksi

St. John’s Wort has a long history of use in folk medicine for treating a diverse range of disorders that include inflammation, wounds, bacterial and viral infections, peptic ulcers, and respiratory impairments (33). St. John’s Wort is said to possess analgesic and antinociceptive properties that help in the management of pain (34). Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system disorder that is characterized by axonal injury and inflammation. St. John’s Wort is said to possess anti-inflammatory properties that help treat multiple sclerosis (MS) (35).

The strong anti-inflammatory properties of St. John’s Wort make it an ideal solution for severe joint pains, gout, and muscle spasms. The ethyl acetate extract of St. John’s Wort could show antihyperglycemic activity in diabetic rats (36). Animal studies state that St. John’s Wort has hepatoprotective effects that could help treat hepatic ischemia in rats (37). St. John’s Wort may help fight against diabetes. The administration of its extracts (125 and 250 mg/kg) induced a significant decrease in high blood glucose levels in diabetic rats (38).

Following are some of the purported benefits of St. John’s Wort that have insufficient evidence:

• Brain tumor (glioma)

  John’s Wort may help treat glioma through intravenous injection (39). However, insufficient data is available to prove this claim.

• Herpes

Recent studies have shown that St. John’s Wort contains certain antiviral properties. This herb is believed to be helpful in the treatment of herpes, AIDS, hepatitis B, and several other serious viral conditions (40), (41).

• Smoking cessation

St. John’s Wort could attenuate nicotine withdrawal signs in mice. The plant was also used as a natural antidepressant in mice. More studies in humans are needed (42). St. John’s Wort proves to be effective in larger controlled studies. It could represent a less expensive, more readily accessible, and well-tolerated agent to promote tobacco cessation (43). However, further studies are necessary to understand the possibility of St. John’s wort in the treatment of smoking cessation in humans.

• Helps create a hormonal balance

St. John’s Wort is a widely popular treatment for hormonal imbalances. Its chemical composition is especially shown to lower the hormonal imbalances in a menopausal woman. It may reduce mood swings, the severity of the cramps, irritation, depression, and anxiety levels (44). However, further evidence is needed to confirm its effectiveness.

Other potential benefits of St. John’s Wort that lack any research include the following:

• Migraine headache

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

• Skin redness and irritation (plaque psoriasis)

• Tooth pulling

• Nerve pain

• Burning mouth syndrome

• Post-operative pain

Though more research is warranted, the plant does have some benefits. In the following section, we will look at the ideal dosage of the plant.

Dosage*

For Children and young adults (>18 years)

• For ADHD – 300 mg St. John’s Wort, three times daily for eight weeks (18)
• For depression – 150-1800 mg St. John’s Wort, three times daily for eight weeks (41)

For Adults

• For anxiety – 900 mg St. John’s Wort, twice daily for twelve weeks (45)
• For cancer – 05-0.50 mg per kg of hypericin, for two months (46)
• For mild to moderate depression – 20-1800 mg St. John’s Wort, three times for 4 to 52 weeks
• For severe depression – 900-1800 mg, once daily for 8 to 12 weeks (47)
• For obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) – 450-1800 mg, once daily for 12 weeks (48)
• For premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – 300-900 mg daily for two menstrual cycles (49)
• For smoking cessation – 300 mg, once or twice daily for three months (50)

* These values are taken only from randomized clinical trials. They are for reference only. None of them have been proven to treat any particular ailment. Consult your doctor for more information.

Though St. John’s Wort is generally safe for consumption, it also may have some side effects. We will explore them in the following section.

What Are The Potential Side Effects Of St. John’s Wort?

The uncontrolled and unprescribed dosage of St. John’s Wort may cause several side effects. These include allergic reactions, sedation, gastrointestinal symptoms, headache, skin reactions, dry mouth, tiredness/restlessness, and dizziness. The majority of these reactions were generally considered to be mild, moderate, or transient (51), (52), (53).

Some research has indicated that taking certain herbal supplements, including St. John’s Wort, may increase your risk of complications if you are put under anesthesia. You should not take St. John’s Wort at least two weeks before a scheduled surgery (54).

Photosensitivity reactions affecting the skin are other serious adverse reactions associated with St. John’s Wort. Recent data suggest that photosensitivity reactions are dose-related, with increased sensitivity associated with higher doses. Extracts of St. John’s Wort are used in the treatment of depression. They contain various substances with naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin as characteristic ingredients. These compounds may lead to phototoxicity in animals and humans (55), (56).

Also, St. John’s Wort may cause liver injury, tingling, and erectile or sexual dysfunction. However, limited research is available in this regard.

Possible Drug Interactions

St. John’s Wort may react with certain drugs. Generally, most herbs interact with prescribed drugs and have the potential to influence metabolic reactions (56), (57).

In a study, drug interactions with St. John’s Wort had affected the organ systems and the central nervous system. St. John’s Wort and fluoxetine have a similar profile, and this demonstrates that herbal preparations can result in adverse drug reactions that are similar to those of prescription medications (58). In another study, St. John’s Wort interacted with cyclosporin A metabolism. The drug is involved in the careful monitoring of blood levels in a patient after liver transplantation (59).

St. John’s Wort may interact with medicines such as warfarin, phenprocoumon, cyclosporine, oral contraceptives, theophylline, digoxin, indinavir, and lamivudine (60).

Also, it may interact with other drugs. These include:

• Antibiotics, antidepressant SSRIs, and Triptans

St. John’s Wort may interact with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This interaction may lead to agitation, nausea, confusion, and diarrhea (56).

• Oral contraceptives

St. John’s Wort may interact with oral contraceptives. This results in breakthrough bleeding among women who are taking birth control pills along with St. John’s Wort (56).

• Immunosuppressants and blood thinners such as warfarin

Warfarin may interact with St. John’s Wort, which can lead to severe adverse reactions that are sometimes life-threatening (61).

• Sedatives and medications used to treat generalized anxiety disorder; drugs used to treat cancer, heart conditions, and HIV/AIDS

From one study, patients with HIV experienced an increase in HIV RNA viral load following the use of St. John’s Wort (56).

• Over-the-counter medications (for sleep, cough, and cold)

St. John’s Wort also interacts with anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine, phenobarbitone and phenytoin, theophylline, cyclosporin, phenprocoumon, and digoxin. However, more long-term research is needed to further understand these drug interactions.

Conclusion

St. John’s Wort is an effective dietary supplement and medicinal herb for treating various nervous system related disorders. It is said to possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties and helps to treat many ailments. It may help treat depression, control menopausal symptoms, help in wound healing, and treat anxiety disorders. However, excess and unprescribed usage of this herbal drug may lead to some adverse reactions. Hence, limit its usage and consult your health care provider in case of any medical emergencies.

Expert’s Answers for Readers Questions

How long does St. John’s Wort take to start working?

St. John’s Wort may take 3 to 6 weeks to show any effects. Do not stop taking it all at once, as you may otherwise experience side effects.

Should I take St. John’s Wort in the morning or night?

St. John’s Wort works best if taken twice a day. In the third and fourth weeks of your treatment, take 300 mg in the morning and 600 mg in the evening. In the fifth week, consider increasing the dose to 600 mg twice a day. Like all antidepressants, it can take four to six weeks before you feel any benefits. Consult your doctor for more information on the use and dosage.

Does St. John’s Wort make you gain weight?

No. St. John’s Wort has the potential to prevent obesity and abnormalities with lipid metabolism. It does not lead to weight gain.

Is St. John’s Wort bad for your heart?

St. John’s Wort is well known to help treat depression in heart patients, with less negative side effects on the heart than traditional antidepressants.

Can St. John’s Wort damage the liver?

Mäkikuismaa ei ole yhdistetty maksavaurioon. Yrttien ja lääkkeiden monien yhteisvaikutusten ja vaikutusten vuoksi yrtti voi vaikuttaa maksan toimintaan tai aiheuttaa maksavaurioita. Vältä sen ottamista yhdessä maksalääkkeiden kanssa. Ota yhteys lääkäriisi.

Voitko juoda alkoholia mäkikuisman kanssa?

Sinun tulisi välttää tai rajoittaa alkoholin käyttöä hoidettaessa mäkikuismaa. Alkoholi voi lisätä mäkikuisman hermostoon liittyviä haittavaikutuksia, kuten huimausta, uneliaisuutta ja keskittymisvaikeuksia.

61 lähdettä

Stylecrazella on tiukat hankintaohjeet ja se perustuu vertaisarvioituihin tutkimuksiin, akateemisiin tutkimuslaitoksiin ja lääkärijärjestöihin. Vältämme kolmannen asteen viitteiden käyttöä. Voit oppia lisää siitä, miten varmistamme, että sisältömme on täsmällistä ja ajantasaista, lukemalla toimitukselliset käytäntömme.

• • Butterweck V. Mechanism of action of St John’s wort in depression: what is known?. CNS Drugs . 2003;17(8):539‐562.

    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12775192/

  • Apaydin, Eric A et al. “A systematic review of St. John’s wort for major depressive disorder.” Systematic reviews vol. 5,1 148. 2 Sep. 2016.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010734/

  • Ng QX, Venkatanarayanan N, Ho CY. Clinical use of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) in depression: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord . 2017;210:211‐221.

    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28064110/

  • Sarris J, Kavanagh DJ. Kava and St. John’s Wort: current evidence for use in mood and anxiety disorders. J Altern Complement Med . 2009;15(8):827‐836.

    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19614563/

  • “St. John’s Wort and Depression: In Depth.” National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

    www.nccih.nih.gov/health/st-johns-wort-and-depression-in-depth.

  • Al-Akoum M, Maunsell E, Verreault R, Provencher L, Otis H, Dodin S. Effects of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) on hot flashes and quality of life in perimenopausal women: a randomized pilot trial. Menopause . 2009;16(2):307‐314.

    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19194342/

  • Grube, B., A. Walper, and D. Wheatley. “St. John’s Wort extract: efficacy for menopausal symptoms of psychological origin.” Advances in therapy 16.4 (1999): 177-186.

    europepmc.org/article/med/10623319

  • Abdali, Khadijeh, Marjan Khajehei, and Hamid Reza Tabatabaee. “Effect of St John’s wort on severity, frequency, and duration of hot flashes in premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.” Menopause 17.2 (2010): 326-331.

    journals.lww.com/menopausejournal/Abstract/2010/17020/Effect_of_St_John_s_wort_on_severity,_frequency,.20.aspx

  • Liu, Y-R., et al. “Hypericum perforatum L. preparations for menopause: a meta-analysis of efficacy and safety.” Climacteric 17.4 (2014): 325-335.

    www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/13697137.2013.861814

  • Canning, Sarah, et al. “The efficacy of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s Wort) for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome.” CNS drugs 24.3 (2010): 207-225.

    link.springer.com/article/10.2165/11530120-000000000-00000

  • Henderson, L., et al. “St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes.” British journal of clinical pharmacology 54.4 (2002): 349-356.

    bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01683.x

  • Jarić, Snežana, et al. “Traditional wound-healing plants used in the Balkan region (Southeast Europe).” Journal of ethnopharmacology 211 (2018): 311-328.

    www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874117321852

  • Altıparmak, Mehmet, et al. “Skin wound healing properties of Hypericum perforatum, Liquidambar orientalis, and propolis mixtures.” European Journal of Plastic Surgery 42.5 (2019): 489-494.

    link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00238-019-01538-6

  • Altıparmak, Mehmet, and Teoman Eskitaşçıoğlu. “Comparison of systemic and topical Hypericum perforatum on diabetic surgical wounds.” Journal of Investigative Surgery 31.1 (2018): 29-37.

    www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08941939.2016.1272654

  • Schempp, C. M., et al. “Topical application of St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) and of its metabolite hyperforin inhibits the allostimulatory capacity of epidermal cells.” British Journal of Dermatology 142.5 (2000): 979-984.

    onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03482.x

  • Dikmen, Miriş, et al. “Evaluation of the wound healing potentials of two subspecies of Hypericum perforatum on cultured NIH3T3 fibroblasts.” Phytotherapy research 25.2 (2011): 208-214.

    onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.3243

  • Niederhofer H. St. John’s wort may improve some symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nat Prod Res . 2010;24(3):203‐205.

    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20140799/

  • Weber, Wendy et al. “Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a randomized controlled trial.” JAMA vol. 299,22 (2008): 2633-41.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2587403/

  • Sarris, Jerome, et al. “St. John’s wort and Kava in treating major depressive disorder with comorbid anxiety: A randomised double‐blind placebo‐controlled pilot trial.” Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 24.1 (2009): 41-48.

    onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hup.994?referrer_access_token=SEYySO25IalkWAh6KRs87k4keas67K9QMdWULTWMo8MZXS8VxgPOwhZwly8igFVJkGPoB9CfRWEVbwL6vi60QWzWjro1HmMkVX9C78_ZOikm1IFBCWtqO41vE-fhwcRrJ5BpfV0vJZsC3vrUd8Lslg%3D%3D

  • McFadden SL, Hooker BL. Comparing Perika St. John’s Wort and Sertraline for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Mice. J Diet Suppl . 2020;17(3):300‐308.

    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30773961/

  • Schempp, Christoph M., et al. “Topical treatment of atopic dermatitis with St. John’s wort cream–a randomized, placebo controlled, double blind half-side comparison.” Phytomedicine 10 (2003): 31-37.

    www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0944711304703499

  • Wölfle, Ute, Günter Seelinger, and Christoph M. Schempp. “Topical application of St. Johnʼs wort (Hypericum perforatum).” Planta medica 80.02/03 (2014): 109-120.

    www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0033-1351019

  • Volz, Hans-Peter, et al. “St John’s wort extract (LI 160) in somatoform disorders: results of a placebo-controlled trial.” Psychopharmacology 164.3 (2002): 294-300.

    link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-002-1171-6

  • Müller, Thomas, et al. “Treatment of somatoform disorders with St. John’s wort: a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial.” Psychosomatic Medicine 66.4 (2004): 538-547.

    journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/Abstract/2004/07000/Treatment_of_Somatoform_Disorders_With_St__John_s.12.aspx

  • Gartner, Michael, et al. “Aristoforin, a novel stable derivative of hyperforin, is a potent anticancer agent.” Chembiochem 6.1 (2005): 171-177.

    chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cbic.200400195

  • Murch, Susan J., and Praveen K. Saxena. “A melatonin‐rich germplasm line of St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.).” Journal of pineal research 41.3 (2006): 284-287.

    onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2006.00367.x

  • Quiney, C., et al. “Hyperforin, a new lead compound against the progression of cancer and leukemia?.” Leukemia 20.9 (2006): 1519-1525.

    www.nature.com/articles/2404301

  • Rothley, Melanie, et al. “Hyperforin and aristoforin inhibit lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and suppress tumor‐induced lymphangiogenesis in vivo.” International journal of cancer 125.1 (2009): 34-42.

    onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijc.24295

  • Schempp, Christoph M., et al. “Inhibition of tumour cell growth by hyperforin, a novel anticancer drug from St. John’s wort that acts by induction of apoptosis.” Oncogene 21.8 (2002): 1242-1250.

    www.nature.com/articles/1205190

  • Quiney, C., et al. “Hyperforin inhibits MMP-9 secretion by B-CLL cells and microtubule formation by endothelial cells.” Leukemia 20.4 (2006): 583-589.

    www.nature.com/articles/2404134

  • Quiney, C., et al. “Pro-apoptotic properties of hyperforin in leukemic cells from patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.” Leukemia 20.3 (2006): 491-497.

    www.nature.com/articles/2404098

  • Meesters, Ybe, and Marijke Cm Gordijn. “Seasonal affective disorder, winter type: current insights and treatment options.” Psychology research and behavior management vol. 9 317-327. 30 Nov. 2016.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5138072/

  • Nicolussi, Simon, et al. “Clinical relevance of St. John’s wort drug interactions revisited.” British journal of pharmacology 177.6 (2020): 1212-1226.

    bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bph.14936

  • Galeotti, Nicoletta. “Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) beyond depression: A therapeutic perspective for pain conditions.” Journal of ethnopharmacology 200 (2017): 136-146.

    www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116314799

  • Nosratabadi, Reza. “St. John’s Wort and Its Component Hyperforin Alleviate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis through Expansion of Regulatory T-Cells.” Taylor & Francis.

    www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/1547691X.2015.1101512

  • S, Arokiyaraj, et al. “Antihyperglycemic Effect of Hypericum Perforatum Ethyl Acetate Extract on Streptozotocin–Induced Diabetic Rats.” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine , No Longer Published by Elsevier, 21 July 2011.

    www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2221169111600853

  • Bayramoglu, Gokhan, et al. “The hepatoprotective effects of Hypericum perforatum L. on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.” Cytotechnology 66.3 (2014): 443-448.

    link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10616-013-9595-x

  • Can, Özgür Devrim, et al. “Effects of treatment with St. John’s Wort on blood glucose levels and pain perceptions of streptozotocin-diabetic rats.” Fitoterapia 82.4 (2011): 576-584.

    www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0367326X11000293

  • Jendželovská, Zuzana et al. “Hypericin in the Light and in the Dark: Two Sides of the Same Coin.” Frontiers in plant science vol. 7 560. 6 May. 2016.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4859072/#B108

  • Jacobson, J M et al. “Pharmacokinetics, safety, and antiviral effects of hypericin, a derivative of St. John’s wort plant, in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.” Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy vol. 45,2 (2001): 517-24.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC90321/

  • Klemow, Kenneth M., et al. “11 Medical Attributes of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum).” Lester Packer, Ph. D. (2011): 211.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92750/

  • Catania, Maria A., et al. “Hypericum perforatum attenuates nicotine withdrawal signs in mice.” Psychopharmacology 169.2 (2003): 186-189.

    link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-003-1492-0

  • Lawvere, Silvana, et al. “A Phase II study of St. John’s Wort for smoking cessation.” Complementary therapies in medicine 14.3 (2006): 175-184.

    www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965229906000227

  • Geller, Stacie E, and Laura Studee. “Botanical and dietary supplements for menopausal symptoms: what works, what does not.” Journal of women’s health (2002) vol. 14,7 (2005): 634-49.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1764641/

  • Apaydin, Eric A et al. “A systematic review of St. John’s wort for major depressive disorder.” Systematic reviews vol. 5,1 148. 2 Sep. 2016.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010734/

  • Couldwell WT, Surnock AA, Tobia AJ, et al. A phase 1/2 study of orally administered synthetic hypericin for treatment of recurrent malignant gliomas. Cancer . 2011;117(21):4905‐4915.

    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21456013/

  • Cui, Yong-Hua, and Yi Zheng. “A meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of St John’s wort extract in depression therapy in comparison with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in adults.” Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment vol. 12 1715-23. 11 Jul. 2016.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4946846/

  • Taylor LH, Kobak KA. An open-label trial of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry . 2000;61(8):575‐578.

    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10982200/

  • Canning S, Waterman M, Orsi N, Ayres J, Simpson N, Dye L. The efficacy of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. CNS Drugs . 2010;24(3):207‐225.

    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20155996/

  • Sood, Amit et al. “A randomized clinical trial of St. John’s wort for smoking cessation.” Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.) vol. 16,7 (2010): 761-7.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110810/

  • Ernst, E., et al. “Adverse effects profile of the herbal antidepressant St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.).” European journal of clinical pharmacology 54.8 (1998): 589-594.

    link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002280050519

  • Woelk, H., G. Burkard, and J. Grünwald. “Benefits and risks of the hypericum extract LI 160: drug monitoring study with 3250 patients.” Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology 7.1_suppl (1994): 34-38.

    journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/089198879400701s10

  • Oliveira, Ana I., et al. “Neuroprotective activity of Hypericum perforatum and its major components.” Frontiers in plant science 7 (2016): 1004.

    www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2016.01004/full#B80

  • Wong, Adrian, and Stephen A. Townley. “Herbal medicines and anaesthesia.” Continuing education in anaesthesia, critical care & pain 11.1 (2011): 14-17.

    academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/11/1/14/285726

  • Brockmöller, J., et al. “Hypericin and pseudohypericin: pharmacokinetics and effects on photosensitivity in humans.” Pharmacopsychiatry 30.S 2 (1997): 94-101.

    www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-2007-979527

  • Henderson, L., et al. “St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes.” British journal of clinical pharmacology 54.4 (2002): 349-356.

    bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01683.x

  • Mannel, Marcus. “Drug interactions with St John’s wort.” Drug safety 27.11 (2004): 773-797.

    link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00002018-200427110-00003

  • Hoban, Claire L., Roger W. Byard, and Ian F. Musgrave. “A comparison of patterns of spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting with St. John’s Wort and fluoxetine during the period 2000–2013.” Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 42.7 (2015): 747-751.

    onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1440-1681.12424

  • Karliova, Marc, et al. “Interaction of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) with cyclosporin A metabolism in a patient after liver transplantation.” Journal of hepatology 33.5 (2000): 853-855.

    www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168827800803219

  • Belwal, Tarun, et al. “St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum).” Nonvitamin and Nonmineral Nutritional Supplements . Academic Press, 2019. 415-432.

    www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128124918000564

  • Milić, Nataša, et al. “Warfarin interactions with medicinal herbs.” Natural product communications 9.8 (2014): 1934578X1400900835.

    journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1934578X1400900835